视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病（neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder，NMOSD）是一种复 发性中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病，主要影响视神经和脊髓，其临床表现为视力下降、运动 障碍、疼痛、膀胱直肠功能紊乱以及认知障碍等。NMOSD 具有复发率高、致残率高以及病 程长等特点，对患者的生活质量造成了严重影响。尽管近年来诊断和治疗技术的进步改善 了NMOSD患者的预后，但多数患者仍遗留不同程度的功能障碍，亟需系统化的康复干预。 本综述基于现有研究证据，详细阐述了NMOSD的常见功能障碍及其病理机制，包括视觉功 能障碍、脊髓损害相关功能障碍（运动障碍、疼痛和膀胱直肠功能障碍）和认知功能障碍等。 同时，着重探讨了NMOSD康复治疗的最新进展，涵盖物理治疗、作业治疗、心理干预及新兴 技 术 应 用［ 如 脑 机 接 口（brain-computer interface，BCI）、脑 - 脊 髓 接 口（brain-spinal interface，BSI）等］的多学科综合干预策略，旨在为 NMOSD 患者的临床康复实践提供理论 依据和实用指导。

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a recurrent inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, mainly affecting the optic nerve and spinal cord, with clinical manifestations such as decreased visual acuity, dyskinesia, pain, vesico-rectal dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, and so on. It is characterized by high recurrence rate, high disability rate and long disease duration, which seriously affects patients' quality of life. Although recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have improved the prognosis of NMOSD patients, most patients are still left with different degrees of dysfunction, and systematic rehabilitation interventions are urgently needed. Based on the existing research evidence, this review details the common dysfunctions of NMOSD and their pathological mechanisms, including visual dysfunction, spinal cord damage-related dysfunctions (dyskinesia, pain, and vesico-rectal dysfunction), and cognitive dysfunction. Meanwhile, it focuses on the latest advances in rehabilitation therapy of NMOSD, covering multidisciplinary and integrated intervention strategies of physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychological intervention and the application of emerging technologies [e.g., brain-computer interface (BCI), brain-spinal interface (BSI), etc.], with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the clinical rehabilitation practice of NMOSD patients.