阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease，AD）是一种起病隐匿、缓慢进展的神经系统退行性疾病，早期表现为近期记忆的丧失，随着疾病进展逐渐出现认知行为障碍。AD 的典型病理学特征是淀粉样斑块和神经原纤维缠结。研究认为，β 淀粉样蛋白（amyloid β-protein，Aβ）是参与 AD 病理发展的关键物质。目前，临床上使用的 AD 治疗药物仅能改善其症状，因此疗效获益不大。为此，研发能够改变 AD 疾病进展的新药成为当前的研究热点。本文从主动免疫和被动免疫角度，着重介绍了进入临床研究的 Aβ 免疫治疗药物及其作用机制、研究进展和临床试验的结果，同时探讨了 AD 免疫治疗中存在的问题及未来的发展方向。

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an insidious and slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease with early manifestations of recent memory loss and progressive cognitive-behavioral impairment as the disease progress. The typical pathological features of AD are amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is a key substance involved in the development of AD. Currently, the therapeutics drugs for AD only improve the symptoms with little benefit in efficacy. Therefore, the development of drugs with the ability to modify the disease progression of AD has become a hot topic. From the perspective of active and passive immunity, this review highlights the Aβ immunotherapies that have entered clinical studies, discusses the drug mechanisms, research progress and the trial results, and focuses on the problems encountered in immunotherapies and the direction of future development.