神经系统疾病的治疗手段往往比较局限且疗效欠佳。干细胞是一类具有无限自我更新能力的永生细胞，干细胞移植有望成为神经系统疾病的重要治疗手段之一。目前注册的临床研究使用的干细胞类型包括造血干细胞、间充质干细胞和神经干细胞，常被用于治疗包括脑卒中、脊髓损伤、帕金森病、多发性硬化、视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病、肌萎缩侧索硬化、脑肿瘤、脑瘫和缺血缺氧性脑病等的神经系统疾病。这些临床研究大部分是小规模的初期研究，已完成的临床研究的结果提示干细胞治疗是安全且可耐受的，但是目前尚缺乏有关干细胞治疗神经系统疾病有效性的大样本随机对照临床试验。

The choice of therapies for neurological disorders is limited and the effectiveness is poor. Stem cells are a group of cells that are immortal and have unlimited renewal abilities. Stem cell transplantation is expected to be an important choice for treating neurological diseases. The types of stem cells usually used in registered clinical trials include multipotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, which are usually used to treat stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain tumors, cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, etc. The majority of these clinical trials are early small-scale trials and the results of completed clinical studies suggest that stem cell therapies are safe and well tolerated. However, large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials to study the effectiveness of stem cell therapies for neurological disorders are still lacking.