多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis，MS）是中枢神经系统的自身免疫性脱髓鞘疾病，目前已批准的疾病修饰疗法类药物可以抑制MS的外周免疫攻击，但未能阻止进展型MS或严重的神经退行性疾病的进程。小胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统中的固有免疫细胞，不仅发挥免疫防御作用，还能调控神经元和神经胶质细胞的增殖和发育，清除凋亡细胞，发挥神经保护作用。近年来，已发现多种临床治疗MS的药物对小胶质细胞具有调控作用。临床前研究也证实靶向小胶质细胞的治疗策略在MS的治疗中展现出巨大的潜力。本文对小胶质细胞在MS 发病中的作用及其作为潜在治疗靶点的最新研究进展进行综述。

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease in the central nervous system (CNS), and the currently approved disease-modifying therapy drugs (MTD) can inhibit the peripheral immune attack in MS, but still fail to prevent the disease process in patients with progressive MS or severe neurodegeneration. Microglia, as inherent immune cells in CNS, play a role in immune defense, regulate the proliferation and development of neurons and glial cells, and remove apoptotic cells, exerting the neural protective effect. In recent years, many existing clinical drugs for MS have been found to have regulatory effects on microglia, and various preclinical studies have confirmed that therapeutic strategies targeting microglia show great potential in the treatment of MS. In this paper, the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of MS and its potential therapeutic targets are reviewed.