视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病（neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders，NMOSD）是一种中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病，其发病率低，可累及脊髓和视神经等多个部位，临床表现多样，应与多种疾病进行鉴别，因此NMOSD 的诊断与鉴别诊断具有一定的挑战性。本文探讨了NMOSD的诊断与影像学鉴别诊断，重点关注于神经影像学特征，旨在提高临床医师对NMOSD及其他相关疾病的认识，提高诊断与鉴别诊断水平。

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is an autoimmune central nervous system disease with low incidence and involving spinal cord and optic nerve. The clinical manifestations of NMOSD are various, thus，it needs to distinguish from different diseases and poses challenges on diagnosis and differential diagnosis. This paper discusses the diagnosis and imaging differential diagnosis of NMOSD, focusing on the neuroimaging features, in order to improve the clinicians’ understanding of NMOSD and other related diseases, and improve the abilities of diagnosis and differential diagnosis.