多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis，MS）和视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病（neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders，NMOSD）是常见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病。近年来，随着磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI） 诊断技术的不断发展以及自身免疫性抗体检测技术的进步，对这类中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的认识也不断深入。众多的MRI 诊断标准和指南为临床诊断MS 和NMOSD 提供了重要的依据。自身免疫性抗体和神经影像特征的差异提示髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关脑脊髓炎（myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated encephalomyelitis，MOGEM）是不同于MS 和NMOSD 的一类独立疾病。因此，如何应用MRI 技术鉴别MOG-EM与MS 和NMOSD，并借助MRI 技术实现早期诊断以及指导治疗和预测预后，已成为当前中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的研究热点。本文旨在阐述MRI 技术在常见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病诊断中的应用价值及其最新进展。

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are common demyelinating diseases of central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and the progress in autoimmune antibody detection have gradually deepened the clinical understanding of these diseases. Many diagnostic criteria and guidelines for MRI provide important basis for clinical identification of MS and NMOSD. Distinct autoimmune antibodies and neuroimaging features make myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM) a novel and isolate group of diseases separated from MS and NMOSD. Therefore, how to distinguish MOG-EM from MS and NMOSD by using MRI technique, and how to achive early diagnosis, guide treatment and predict prognosis by using MRI technology, have become hot issues in the current research on demyelinating diseases of CNS. This paper aims to review and discuss the progress in the utility of MRI in the clinical diagnosis of common demyelinating diseases of CNS.