Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a recurrent inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, mainly affecting the optic nerve and spinal cord, with clinical manifestations such as decreased visual acuity, dyskinesia, pain, vesico-rectal dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, and so on. It is characterized by high recurrence rate, high disability rate and long disease duration, which seriously affects patients' quality of life. Although recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have improved the prognosis of NMOSD patients, most patients are still left with different degrees of dysfunction, and systematic rehabilitation interventions are urgently needed. Based on the existing research evidence, this review details the common dysfunctions of NMOSD and their pathological mechanisms, including visual dysfunction, spinal cord damage-related dysfunctions (dyskinesia, pain, and vesico-rectal dysfunction), and cognitive dysfunction. Meanwhile, it focuses on the latest advances in rehabilitation therapy of NMOSD, covering multidisciplinary and integrated intervention strategies of physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychological intervention and the application of emerging technologies [e.g., brain-computer interface (BCI), brain-spinal interface (BSI), etc.], with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the clinical rehabilitation practice of NMOSD patients.