Elderly patients with cognitive impairment face a series of safety incidents, which not only affect their quality of life, but also pose potential risks to their families and society. Current research primarily focuses on safety issues in medical settings, such as falls, choking,wandering, medication safety, and violent behaviors, while there is relatively less attention given to risks associated with household fires, abuse, property safety, and driving safety. The assessment of safety incidents mainly relies on subjective evaluation tools, while objective assessment tools still need further development. There is insufficient evidence for nursing interventions targeting different degrees or settings of cognitive impairment. This paper reviews the research progress on the incidence rate, influencing factors, subjective and objective evaluation tools, and evidence-based nursing measures of the safety incidents, in order to provide guidance for medical providers to carry out safety management of elderly patients with cognitive impairment and continuously improve the management of safety care.