The choice of therapies for neurological disorders is limited and the effectiveness is poor. Stem cells are a group of cells that are immortal and have unlimited renewal abilities. Stem cell transplantation is expected to be an important choice for treating neurological diseases. The types of stem cells usually used in registered clinical trials include multipotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, which are usually used to treat stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain tumors, cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, etc. The majority of these clinical trials are early small-scale trials and the results of completed clinical studies suggest that stem cell therapies are safe and well tolerated. However, large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials to study the effectiveness of stem cell therapies for neurological disorders are still lacking.