The physiological structure, brain structure and function, reproductive physiology and circadian rhythm of non-human primates are highly similar to those of humans. Therefore, primates model has significant and unique advantages in mechanism research and drug development of neurological diseases. In recent years, a variety of monkey models of neurological diseases has been gradually established using drug induction, physical injury and gene editing technology, providing an important experimental model for cell therapy, gene therapy and development of new drugs. In this review, the characteristics of monkey models and the advantages in cell and gene therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and inherited neurodevelopmental diseases are summarized, and the  advances in the use of monkey models for neurological disease cells and gene therapy is reviewed, hoping to provide references for further investigation of disease mechanisms and advancement of preclinical and clinical research of new therapies using monkey models.